debian 10默认的一样不能用root用户登录，还是需要设置，方法如下：
一，打开终端，用普通用户登录
输入：su -
输入密码，切换到root用户
二，设置root用户登录
nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
三，修改配置
PermitRootLogin yes
上面这一句后面改为yes，表示允许root用户登录
PasswordAuthentication yes
这一句表示，允许用密码登录
然后保存即可
debian禁用ipv6
1、临时禁用
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6 临时禁用所有接口的ipv6
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/disable_ipv6 临时禁用eth0接口的ipv6
2、永久禁用
vi /etc/sysctl.conf改内容：
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1
生效sysctl -p
3、grub方式，未在debian9上测试过，需验证
/etc/default/grub中 GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="ipv6.disable=1 quiet" update-grub生效
编辑 /etc/network/interfaces 文件
$ sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces将 allow-htplug enp0s3 行替换为 auto enp0s3，并将 dhcp 参数更改为 static。下面是我的示例文件，根据您的环境更改接口名称和 ip 详细信息。
auto enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet static
address 192.168.1.240/24
network 192.168.1.0
broadcast 192.168.1.255
gateway 192.168.1.1
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8==================
1、修改sshd_config文件，命令为：vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
2、将#PasswordAuthentication no的注释去掉，并且将no修改为yes
3、将#PermitRootLogin prohibit-password的注释去掉，将prohibit-password改为yes
4、启动SSH服务，命令为：/etc/init.d/ssh start // 或者service ssh start
5、验证SSH服务状态，命令为：/etc/init.d/ssh status
6. 添加开机自启动 update-rc.d ssh enable
修改时区
TZ='Asia/Hong_Kong'; export TZ
nano /etc/profile
添加进去
source /etc/profile
date -R #查看当前时间
修改成阿里云源
nano /etc/apt/sources.list
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
apt update
apt upgrade
3，软件源更新问题
如果新安装的Linux，在根据上述操作配置软件源后，执行sudo apt update时报错如下：
image.png
这是由于系统缺少软件包ca-certificates导致。
解决办法是，先编辑软件源配置/etc/apt/sources.list文件，将其中所有的地址前面的https改成http，再执行下列命令：
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ca-certificates
然后，再把/etc/apt/sources.list文件中的所有的地址前面的http重新改回https，并再次执行sudo apt update即可！
4，更新系统
如果你现在使用的是Debian 11的版本，想更新到Debian 12版本，并不需要重装系统，只需要将你的软件源配置文件sources.list中的内容换成Debian 12的软件源配置，再执行更新命令即可！
替换完成内容后，执行下列命令完成系统更新：
sudo apt update
sudo apt full-upgrade
sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt clean
最后重启系统。
DNS
nano /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 223.5.5.5
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 阿里安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
如果你的服务器是阿里云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话，可以配置阿里云的内网镜像源，这样在阿里云服务器上下载软件会更快：
# 阿里云内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 阿里云内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 腾讯安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
同样地，如果你的服务器是腾讯云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话，可以配置腾讯云的内网镜像源，这样在腾讯云服务器上下载软件会更快：
# 腾讯内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 腾讯内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 清华大学安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 中科大安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
⑤ 官方镜像
对于位于国外的服务器，推荐使用官方的镜像。
# 官方软件源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 官网安全更新源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
2. 11.x - bullseye
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 阿里安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
如果你的服务器是阿里云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话，可以配置阿里云的内网镜像源，这样在阿里云服务器上下载软件会更快：
# 阿里云内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 阿里云内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
事实上就是改个镜像源地址为内网镜像地址就OK了！
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 腾讯安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
同样地，如果你的服务器是腾讯云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话，可以配置腾讯云的内网镜像源，这样在腾讯云服务器上下载软件会更快：
# 腾讯云内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 腾讯云内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 清华大学安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 中科大安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
⑤ 官方镜像
对于位于国外的服务器，推荐使用官方的镜像。
# 官方软件源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 官方安全更新源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
(3) Ubuntu
1. 22.04.1 LTS - jammy
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像站
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像站
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
3，软件源更新问题
如果新安装的Linux，在根据上述操作配置软件源后，执行sudo apt update时报错如下：
image.png
这是由于系统缺少软件包ca-certificates导致。
解决办法是，先编辑软件源配置/etc/apt/sources.list文件，将其中所有的地址前面的https改成http，再执行下列命令：
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ca-certificates
然后，再把/etc/apt/sources.list文件中的所有的地址前面的http重新改回https，并再次执行sudo apt update即可！
4，更新系统
如果你现在使用的是Debian 11的版本，想更新到Debian 12版本，并不需要重装系统，只需要将你的软件源配置文件sources.list中的内容换成Debian 12的软件源配置，再执行更新命令即可！
替换完成内容后，执行下列命令完成系统更新：
sudo apt update
sudo apt full-upgrade
sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt clean
最后重启系统。
打开终端并识别网络接口，执行以下 ip 命令
$ ip add show
运行 nmcli 命令获取连接名称
$ nmcli connection
1
Once we get the connection name, run below nmcli command to assign static ipv4 address,
获取连接名后，运行下面的 nmcli 命令分配静态 ipv4 地址
$ nmcli con mod 'eth0' ipv4.address 192.168.1.151/24
1
运行下面的命令设置网关
$ nmcli con mod 'eth0' ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1
1
将配置从 DHCP 更改为手动，这样 IP 将是静态和持久的，运行
$ nmcli con mod 'eth0' ipv4.method manual
1
使用如下命令设置 DNS 服务器 IP 地址
$ nmcli con mod 'eth0' ipv4.dns '8.8.8.8'
1
禁用并启用连接，以便上述更改生效。
$ nmcli connection down eth0
$ nmcli connection up eth0
1
2
运行 IP 命令查看 IP 地址
$ ip add show eth0
完美，以上输出确认静态 IP 地址已在 eth0 接口上成功配置。
在最小安装的 Debian 11 上设置静态 IP 地址
Whenever we install minimal Debian 11 then we will have only the CLI console and don’t have any nmcli utility. So, to configure static ip address we will edit the file ‘/etc/network/interfaces’.
每当我们安装最小的 Debian 11 时，我们只有 CLI 控制台，并且没有任何 nmcli 实用程序。因此，要配置静态 IP 地址，我们需要编辑 /etc/network/interfaces 文件。
查看文件的默认内容
$ cat /etc/network/interfaces
1
Default-Interface-File-Debian
编辑该文件并设置静态 IP 地址，如下所示
$ sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
1
删除 allow-htplug enp0s3 行，修改 dhcp 参数为 static。下面是我的示例文件，根据您的环境更改接口名称和 ip 详细信息。
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
auto enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet static
address 192.168.1.183
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8
保存并关闭文件
Interface-file-after-modification-debian11
要使上述更改生效，必须重新启动网络服务
$ sudo systemctl restart networking.service
1
执行 IP 命令验证 IP 地址
$ ip add show
Debian 12 / Ubuntu 22.04 安装 Docker 以及 Docker Compose 教程
Jun 8th, 2023
本文将指导如何在 Debian 12 和 Ubuntu 22.04 下安装 Docker 以及 Docker Compose。
PS：本文同时适用于 Debian 11 以及 Ubuntu 20.04
什么是 Docker？
Docker 是一种容器化技术，可以在服务器上快速搭建容器并在不污染宿主机的情况下运行软件，而不再需要安装配置各种环境。开源 Docker 社区致力于改进这类技术，并免费提供给所有用户，使之获益。
什么是 Docker Compose？
传统模式下运维人员需要运行 docker run 来启动各种容器，一旦容器过多，就无法一次性记住所有的运行参数和命令，这时候我们可以使用 Docker Compose 来解决这个问题。
Docker Compose 是一个用于在单个主机上定义和运行多个 Docker 容器的工具。它使用 YAML 文件来配置应用程序的服务，然后使用一个命令就可以创建并启动所有服务。使用 Docker Compose 可以大大简化 Docker 容器的管理和部署，特别是对于具有多个互相依赖的容器的复杂应用。
使用官方源安装 Docker
以下操作需要在 root 用户下完成，请使用 sudo -i 或 su root 切换到 root 用户进行操作。
首先，安装一些必要的软件包：
apt update
apt upgrade -y
apt install curl vim wget gnupg dpkg apt-transport-https lsb-release ca-certificates
然后加入 Docker 的 GPG 公钥和 apt 源：
Debian
Ubuntu
curl -sSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | gpg --dearmor > /usr/share/keyrings/docker-ce.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-ce.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian $(lsb_release -sc) stable" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
国内机器可以用清华 TUNA的国内源：
Debian
Ubuntu
curl -sS https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | gpg --dearmor > /usr/share/keyrings/docker-ce.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-ce.gpg] https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/debian $(lsb_release -sc) stable" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
然后更新系统后即可安装 Docker CE：
apt update
apt install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-compose-plugin
此时可以使用 docker version 命令检查是否安装成功：
root@debian ~ # docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version: 24.0.2
API version: 1.43
Go version: go1.20.4
Git commit: cb74dfc
Built: Thu May 25 21:52:17 2023
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Context: default
Server: Docker Engine - Community
Engine:
Version: 24.0.2
API version: 1.43 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version: go1.20.4
Git commit: 659604f
Built: Thu May 25 21:52:17 2023
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: true
containerd:
Version: 1.6.21
GitCommit: 3dce8eb055cbb6872793272b4f20ed16117344f8
runc:
Version: 1.1.7
GitCommit: v1.1.7-0-g860f061
docker-init:
Version: 0.19.0
GitCommit: de40ad0
如果需要某个特定用户可以用 Docker rootless 模式运行 Docker，那么可以把这个用户也加入 docker 组，比如我们把 www-data 用户加进去：
apt install docker-ce-rootless-extras
sudo usermod -aG docker www-data
安装 Docker Compose
因为我们已经安装了 docker-compose-plugin，所以 Docker 目前已经自带 docker compose 命令，基本上可以替代 docker-compose：
root@debian ~ # docker compose version
Docker Compose version v2.18.1
如果某些镜像或命令不兼容，则我们还可以单独安装 Docker Compose：
我们可以使用 Docker 官方发布的 Github 直接安装最新版本：
curl -L https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/latest/download/docker-compose-Linux-x86_64 > /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
此时可以使用 docker-compose version 命令检查是否安装成功：
root@debian ~ # docker-compose version
Docker Compose version v2.18.1
修改 Docker 配置
以下配置会增加一段自定义内网 IPv6 地址，开启容器的 IPv6 功能，以及限制日志文件大小，防止 Docker 日志塞满硬盘（泪的教训）：
cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json << EOF
{
"log-driver": "json-file",
"log-opts": {
"max-size": "20m",
"max-file": "3"
},
"ipv6": true,
"fixed-cidr-v6": "fd00:dead:beef:c0::/80",
"experimental":true,
"ip6tables":true
}
EOF
然后重启 Docker 服务：
systemctl restart docker
好了，我们已经安装好了 Docker 和 Docker Compose，然后就可以开始愉快的安装各种软件，限于篇幅，我们不再赘述，今后慢慢介绍安装各种 Docker 软件的方法。
Debian 12 / Ubuntu 22.04 安装 Docker 以及 Docker Compose 教程
https://u.sb/debian-install-docker/
Debian 12 (bookworm) 安装方法及其国内软件源
摘要: Debian 12 (bookworm) 已经于2023年6月份正式发布。以下为原来信息： Debian 12 (bookworm) 预计于2023年中期发布，但是目前（2023年4月）已经处于硬冻结阶段。原计划是在2023年中发布正式版本，但“Bookwo...
Debian 12 (bookworm) 已经于2023年6月份正式发布。以下为原来信息：
Debian 12 (bookworm) 预计于2023年中期发布，但是目前（2023年4月）已经处于硬冻结阶段。原计划是在2023年中发布正式版本，但“Bookworm的探讨表明Debian 12 （Bookworm） 无望在 2023 年中公布；Debian 12 “Bookworm” 估计在 2023 的 7-8 月公布，具体取决于个性解冻后的 Bug 修复状况。
硬解冻期间，关键软件包和没有自动化测试的软件包禁止主动迁徙，须要公布团队手动迁徙。
目前在Debian 源中已经有 Debian 12 (bookwor)，所以可以安装试用了。 桌面界面的问题可能会比较多，但是服务器使用已经相当稳定了。
安装 Debian 12
Debian 12可以直接下载ISO镜像安装。我进行安装测试是用阿里云，一般情况下会在正式发布后半年左右官方才会提供安装镜像，目前肯定是没有的，所以需要通过Debian 11升级安装。
更新现有的软件至 Debian 11 的最新版本：
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
然后把 /etc/apt/sources.list 里面的内容全部注释掉，增加以下 Debian 12 的软件源：
国内常见镜像站点
Debian全球镜像站列表：https://www.debian.org/mirror/list 。
下面列出国内常用的镜像站点及 /etc/apt/sources.list 中的具体对应内容：
阿里云镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
腾讯云镜像站
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
网易镜像站
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
华为镜像站
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
中科大镜像站
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
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